Literature Review in Environmental Philosophy: From Anthropocentrism to Deep Ecology

An analytical review of seminal texts shaping global environmental ethics, tracing the shift from human-centered models toward biocentric perspectives, Eastern eco-philosophy, and Buddhist eco-ethics.

Environmental research through philosophical and ethical lenses is critical for directing human behavior and policy. A comprehensive review of literature in environmental philosophy reveals how human values and relationships with nature have evolved. Key themes from the literature include:

1. The Shift from Anthropocentrism to Ecocentrism

Historically, traditional philosophy was largely anthropocentric (human-centered), viewing nature solely as an instrument to satisfy human desires. Modern environmental literature challenges this view, establishing ecocentrism and biocentrism. These frameworks assert that species, ecosystems, and natural features possess "intrinsic value" independent of their utility to humans.

2. Arne Naess and Deep Ecology

The seminal works of Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess established Deep Ecology. This philosophy calls for a rejection of the human-over-nature hierarchy, urging humans to recognize themselves as integral parts of a larger ecosystem. Deep Ecology advocates for preserving biodiversity, stabilizing human populations to let other species thrive, and reforming economic and technological systems to align with ecological limits.

3. Eastern Environmental Philosophy and Buddhist Eco-Ethics

Contemporary literature increasingly integrates Eastern philosophies, specifically Buddhist Ecophilosophy. Scholarly works demonstrate that Buddhist principles of Dependent Origination and Karma harmonize closely with systems ecology. The literature highlights how Eastern ethics, by targeting inner greed and promoting mindfulness, addresses the root cause of ecological crises more effectively than purely technical or legislative remedies.

4. The Bridge Between Ethics and Ecological Action

Literature on environmental ethics emphasizes that scientific facts alone do not motivate behavioral changes. Ethical frameworks are required to translate awareness into action. A paradigm shift in environmental philosophy is the necessary precursor to altering consumer lifestyles, corporate social responsibility, and national environmental laws.

Conclusion:
In summary, the literature reveals that the ecological crisis is fundamentally a crisis of human values and ethics. Navigating and synthesizing these philosophical frameworks provides the intellectual and spiritual foundation required to inspire deep, lasting ecological stewardship.